Oracle Redo并行机制


 Redo log 是用于恢复和一个高级特性的重要数据,一个redo条目包含了相应操作导致的数据库变化的所有信息,所有redo条目最终都要被写入redo文件中去。Redo log buffer是为了避免Redo文件IO导致性能瓶颈而在sga中分配出的一块内存。一个redo条目首先在用户内存(PGA)中产生,然后由oracle服务进程拷贝到log buffer中,当满足一定条件时,再由LGWR进程写入redo文件。由于log buffer是一块“共享”内存,为了避免冲突,它是受到redo allocation latch保护的,每个服务进程需要先获取到该latch才能分配redo buffer。因此在高并发且数据修改频繁的oltp系统中,我们通常可以观察到redo allocation latch的等待。Redo写入redo buffer的整个过程如下:

  在PGA中生产Redo Enrey -> 服务进程获取Redo Copy latch(存在多个---CPU_COUNT*2) -> 服务进程获取redo allocation latch(仅1个) -> 分配log buffer -> 释放redo allocation latch -> 将Redo Entry写入Log Buffer -> 释放Redo Copy latch;

  shared strand

  为了减少redo allocation latch等待,在oracle 9.2中,引入了log buffer的并行机制。其基本原理就是,将log buffer划分为多个小的buffer,这些小的buffer被成为strand(为了和之后出现的private strand区别,它们被称之为shared strand)。每一个strand受到一个单独redo allocation latch的保护。多个shared strand的出现,使原来序列化的redo buffer分配变成了并行的过程,从而减少了redo allocation latch等待。

  shared strand的初始数据量是由参数log_parallelism控制的;在10g中,该参数成为隐含参数,并新增参数_log_parallelism_max控制shared strand的最大数量;_log_parallelism_dynamic则控制是否允许shared strand数量在_log_parallelism和_log_parallelism_max之间动态变化。


Code highlighting produced by Actipro CodeHighlighter (freeware)
http://www.CodeHighlighter.com/

-->HELLODBA.COM>select  nam.ksppinm, val.KSPPSTVL, nam.ksppdesc   
  2  from    sys.x$ksppi nam,   
  3          sys.x$ksppsv val   
  4  where nam.indx = val.indx   
  5  --AND   nam.ksppinm LIKE '_%'   
  6  AND   upper(nam.ksppinm) LIKE '%LOG_PARALLE%';   
  
KSPPINM                    KSPPSTVL   KSPPDESC   
-------------------------- ---------- ------------------------------------------   
_log_parallelism           1          Number of log buffer strands   
_log_parallelism_max       2          Maximum number of log buffer strands   
_log_parallelism_dynamic   TRUE       Enable dynamic strands   
  每一个shared strand的大小 = log_buffer/(shared strand数量)。strand信息可以由表x$kcrfstrand查到(包含shared strand和后面介绍的private strand,10g以后存在)。 


Code highlighting produced by Actipro CodeHighlighter (freeware)
http://www.CodeHighlighter.com/

-->HELLODBA.COM>select indx,strand_size_kcrfa from x$kcrfstrand where last_buf_kcrfa != '00';   
  
      INDX STRAND_SIZE_KCRFA   
---------- -----------------   
         0           3514368   
         1           3514368   
  
HELLODBA.COM>show parameter log_buffer   
  
NAME                                 TYPE        VALUE   
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------   
log_buffer                           integer     7028736  
  关于shared strand的数量设置,16个cpu之内最大默认为2,当系统中存在redo allocation latch等待时,每增加16个cpu可以考虑增加1个strand,最大不应该超过8。并且_log_parallelism_max不允许大于cpu_count。

  注意:在11g中,参数_log_parallelism被取消,shared strand数量由_log_parallelism_max、_log_parallelism_dynamic和cpu_count控制。

  Private strand

  为了进一步降低redo buffer冲突,在10g中引入了新的strand机制——Private strand。Private strand不是从log buffer中划分的,而是在shared pool中分配的一块内存空间。 


Code highlighting produced by Actipro CodeHighlighter (freeware)
http://www.CodeHighlighter.com/

-->HELLODBA.COM>select * from V$sgastat where name like '%strand%';

  POOL NAME BYTES

  ------------ -------------------------- ----------

  shared pool private strands 2684928

  HELLODBA.COM>select indx,strand_size_kcrfa from x$kcrfstrand where last_buf_kcrfa = '00';

  INDX STRAND_SIZE_KCRFA

  ---------- -----------------

  2 66560

  3 66560

  4 66560

  5 66560

  6 66560

  7 66560

  8 66560

  ...
  Private strand的引入为Oracle的Redo/Undo机制带来很大的变化。每一个Private strand受到一个单独的redo allocation latch保护,每个Private strand作为“私有的”strand只会服务于一个活动事务。获取到了Private strand的用户事务不是在PGA中而是在Private strand生成Redo,当flush private strand或者commit时,Private strand被批量写入log文件中。如果新事务申请不到Private strand的redo allocation latch,则会继续遵循旧的redo buffer机制,申请写入shared strand中。事务是否使用Private strand,可以由x$ktcxb的字段ktcxbflg的新增的第13位鉴定:


Code highlighting produced by Actipro CodeHighlighter (freeware)
http://www.CodeHighlighter.com/

--> HELLODBA.COM>select decode(bitand(ktcxbflg, 4096),0,1,0) used_private_strand, count(*)

  2 from x$ktcxb

  3 where bitand(ksspaflg, 1) != 0

  4 and bitand(ktcxbflg, 2) != 0

  5 group by bitand(ktcxbflg, 4096);

  USED_PRIVATE_STRAND COUNT(*)

  ------------------- ----------

  1 10

  0 1
  对于使用Private strand的事务,无需先申请Redo Copy Latch,也无需申请Shared Strand的redo allocation latch,而是flush或commit是批量写入磁盘,因此减少了Redo Copy Latch和redo allocation latch申请/释放次数、也减少了这些latch的等待,从而降低了CPU的负荷。过程如下:

  事务开始 -> 申请Private strand的redo allocation latch (申请失败则申请Shared Strand的redo allocation latch) -> 在Private strand中生产Redo Enrey -> Flush/Commit -> 申请Redo Copy Latch -> 服务进程将Redo Entry批量写入Log File -> 释放Redo Copy Latch -> 释放Private strand的redo allocation latch

  注意:对于未能获取到Private strand的redo allocation latch的事务,在事务结束前,即使已经有其它事务释放了Private strand,也不会再申请Private strand了。

  每个Private strand的大小为65K。10g中,shared pool中的Private strands的大小就是活跃会话数乘以65K,而11g中,在shared pool中需要为每个Private strand额外分配4k的管理空间,即:数量*69k。


Code highlighting produced by Actipro CodeHighlighter (freeware)
http://www.CodeHighlighter.com/

--> --10g:

  SQL> select * from V$sgastat where name like '%strand%';

  POOL NAME BYTES

  ------------ -------------------------- ----------

  shared pool private strands 1198080

  HELLODBA.COM>select trunc(value * KSPPSTVL / 100) * 65 * 1024

  2 from (select value from v$parameter where name = 'transactions') a,

  3 (select val.KSPPSTVL

  4 from sys.x$ksppi nam, sys.x$ksppsv val

  5 where nam.indx = val.indx

  6 AND nam.ksppinm = '_log_private_parallelism_mul') b;

  TRUNC(VALUE*KSPPSTVL/100)*65*1024

  -------------------------------------

  1198080

  --11g:

  HELLODBA.COM>select * from V$sgastat where name like '%strand%';

  POOL NAME BYTES

  ------------ -------------------------- ----------

  shared pool private strands 706560

  HELLODBA.COM>select trunc(value * KSPPSTVL / 100) * (65 + 4) * 1024

  2 from (select value from v$parameter where name = 'transactions') a,

  3 (select val.KSPPSTVL

  4 from sys.x$ksppi nam, sys.x$ksppsv val

  5 where nam.indx = val.indx

  6 AND nam.ksppinm = '_log_private_parallelism_mul') b;

  TRUNC(VALUE*KSPPSTVL/100)*(65+4)*1024

  -------------------------------------

  706560
  Private strand的数量受到2个方面的影响:logfile的大小和活跃事务数量。

  参数_log_private_mul指定了使用多少logfile空间预分配给Private strand,默认为5。我们可以根据当前logfile的大小(要除去预分配给log buffer的空间)计算出这一约束条件下能够预分配多少个Private strand: 


Code highlighting produced by Actipro CodeHighlighter (freeware)
http://www.CodeHighlighter.com/

-->HELLODBA.COM>select bytes from v$log where status = 'CURRENT';

  BYTES

  ----------

  52428800

  HELLODBA.COM>select trunc(((select bytes from v$log where status = 'CURRENT') - (select to_number(value) from v$parameter where name = 'log_buffer'))*

  2 (select to_number(val.KSPPSTVL)

  3 from sys.x$ksppi nam, sys.x$ksppsv val

  4 where nam.indx = val.indx

  5 AND nam.ksppinm = '_log_private_mul') / 100 / 66560)

  6 as "calculated private strands"

  7 from dual;

  calculated private strands

  --------------------------

  5

  HELLODBA.COM>select count(1) "actual private strands" from x$kcrfstrand where last_buf_kcrfa = '00';

  actual private strands

  ----------------------

  5
  当logfile切换后(和checkpoint一样,切换之前必须要将所有Private strand的内容flush到logfile中,因此我们在alert log中可能会发现日志切换信息之前会有这样的信息:"Private strand flush not complete",这是可以被忽略的),会重新根据切换后的logfile的大小计算对Private strand的限制:


Code highlighting produced by Actipro CodeHighlighter (freeware)
http://www.CodeHighlighter.com/

--> HELLODBA.COM>alter system switch logfile;

  System altered.

  HELLODBA.COM>select bytes from v$log where status = 'CURRENT';

  BYTES

  ----------

  104857600

  HELLODBA.COM>select trunc(((select bytes from v$log where status = 'CURRENT') - (select to_number(value) from v$parameter where name = 'log_buffer'))*

  2 (select to_number(val.KSPPSTVL)

  3 from sys.x$ksppi nam, sys.x$ksppsv val

  4 where nam.indx = val.indx

  5 AND nam.ksppinm = '_log_private_mul') / 100 / 66560)

  6 as "calculated private strands"

  7 from dual;

  calculated private strands

  --------------------------

  13

  HELLODBA.COM>select count(1) "actual private strands" from x$kcrfstrand where last_buf_kcrfa = '00';

  actual private strands

  ----------------------

  13
  参数_log_private_parallelism_mul用于推算活跃事务数量在最大事务数量中的百分比,默认为10。Private strand的数量不能大于活跃事务的数量。


Code highlighting produced by Actipro CodeHighlighter (freeware)
http://www.CodeHighlighter.com/

-->HELLODBA.COM>show parameter transactions

  NAME TYPE VALUE

  ------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------

  transactions integer 222

  transactions_per_rollback_segment integer 5

  HELLODBA.COM>select trunc((select to_number(value) from v$parameter where name = 'transactions') *

  2 (select to_number(val.KSPPSTVL)

  3 from sys.x$ksppi nam, sys.x$ksppsv val

  4 where nam.indx = val.indx

  5 AND nam.ksppinm = '_log_private_parallelism_mul') / 100 )

  6 as "calculated private strands"

  7 from dual;

  calculated private strands

  --------------------------

  22

  HELLODBA.COM>select count(1) "actual private strands" from x$kcrfstrand where last_buf_kcrfa = '00';

  actual private strands

  ----------------------

  22
  注:在预分配Private strand时,会选择上述2个条件限制下最小一个数量。但相应的shared pool的内存分配和redo allocation latch的数量是按照活跃事务数预分配的。

  因此,如果logfile足够大,_log_private_parallelism_mul与实际活跃进程百分比基本相符的话,Private strand的引入基本可以消除redo allocation latch的争用问题


« 
» 
快速导航

Copyright © 2016 phpStudy | 豫ICP备2021030365号-3